Health Talks Blog

Peroxisomes: The Hidden Key to Cellular Regeneration and Longevity When we talk about energy and cellular health, mitochondria usually get all the attention. But there’s another powerhouse working quietly beside them — one that’s equally essential for regeneration, metabolism, and even brain function. That system is the peroxisome . Often called the “anabolic twin” of the mitochondrion, peroxisomes are the unsung heroes of cellular repair and rebuilding —helping your body create the very molecules that keep you strong, sharp, and youthful. What Are Peroxisomes? Peroxisomes are small organelles inside your cells that act like construction hubs . While mitochondria focus on burning fuel for energy (a catabolic process), peroxisomes are responsible for building essential cellular materials (an anabolic process). Together, they form the foundation of a healthy, efficient cell— the yin and yang of metabolism. Peroxisomes help your body build: Cholesterol , the raw material for hormones and cellular membranes Steroid and sex hormones , vital for energy, mood, and muscle function Plasmalogens , specialized fats critical for the brain and nervous system Phospholipids , structural molecules that make up every cell membrane When peroxisomal function is high, your body regenerates efficiently creating healthy tissue, stable hormones, and resilient cells. Peroxisomes and Mitochondria: A Dynamic Partnership Peroxisomes and mitochondria are like brother and sister —they work in unison to maintain metabolic balance. Mitochondria break down fatty acids to create energy (ATP). Peroxisomes handle the initial processing of certain fats and detoxify harmful byproducts. When one system falters, the other suffers. A decline in peroxisomal health can overload the mitochondria, leading to fatigue, muscle loss, hormonal imbalance, and neurodegeneration. Why Peroxisomes Matter for Aging and Brain Health: As we age, peroxisomal function naturally declines. One of the key consequences of this decline is a drop in plasmalogen production —a type of lipid that’s essential for protecting the brain’s white matter and maintaining communication between neurons. Low plasmalogen levels are strongly linked to: Cognitive decline and memory loss Shrinking brain volume with age Reduced muscle strength and recovery Simply put: when peroxisomes slow down, the body loses its ability to rebuild. This breakdown in anabolic capacity—our ability to create, not just maintain—is a major driver of aging. How to Support Peroxisomal Function: The good news: peroxisomes can be supported and restored through targeted lifestyle and nutritional strategies. Plasmalogen Supplementation New research shows that taking plasmalogen precursors as dietary supplements can help restore healthy peroxisomal function and improve brain lipid balance. Optimize Mitochondrial Health Because peroxisomes and mitochondria work together, supporting both is key. Exercise, CoQ10, carnitine, and B vitamins all strengthen this partnership. Prioritize Healthy Fats Omega-3s, phospholipids, and cholesterol-rich foods (like eggs and olive oil) provide the raw materials peroxisomes need to rebuild. Sleep and Stress Management Chronic stress and poor sleep suppress the anabolic processes that drive peroxisomal regeneration. How to Tell If Your Anabolic Systems Are Working: Certain blood markers can reveal how well your body’s building systems —like peroxisomes—are functioning: Low triglycerides (a sign of efficient fat processing) Optimal HDL levels (the “good” cholesterol) Healthy total cholesterol between 220–240 mg/dL (a range associated with robust anabolic metabolism in the absence of inflammation) When these metrics are balanced, it’s a good indicator that both your catabolic (mitochondrial) and anabolic (peroxisomal) systems are working in harmony—the two key components of longevity. The Bottom Line: Peroxisomes may not make headlines like mitochondria, but they’re just as vital for staying strong, sharp, and resilient as we age. They’re the builders that keep your brain wired, your muscles strong, and your hormones balanced. And now, with the ability to supplement plasmalogen precursors , we can finally support this system in ways that weren’t possible before. Longevity isn’t just about slowing breakdown—it’s about restoring your body’s ability to rebuild. The Confidia Approach: Rebuilding From the Inside Out At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team specialize in optimizing cellular metabolism —from mitochondria to peroxisomes and beyond. Through advanced diagnostic testing, nutrient optimization, and personalized lifestyle protocols, Confidia helps patients: Rebuild healthy brain and muscle tissue Improve hormone and lipid balance Restore energy through cellular-level regeneration Prevent cognitive and metabolic decline before it starts If you’re feeling fatigue, cognitive fog, or metabolic slowdown, it may be time to look deeper—down to the level of your peroxisomes. 👉 Schedule a consultation with Dr. Kevin Greene today and take the first step toward restoring your body’s regenerative capacity. Confidia Health Institute – Precision Medicine for Peak Cellular Performance. References Braverman NE, Moser AB. Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(9):1442–1452. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.05.008 Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1763(12):1707–1720. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.008 Fujino T, et al. Role of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism and human disease. J Biochem. 2020;167(3):217–224. doi:10.1093/jb/mvz090 Goodenowe DB, Cook-Wiens E. Plasmalogen replacement therapy in neurological aging and disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022;16:872707. doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.872707 Attia, P. (2023). Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity. New York: Harmony Books.

Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of Life When it comes to energy, your body runs on one simple principle: you are a bioreactor. Every cell in your body needs energy to think, move, repair, and grow—and that energy is produced by small structures inside your cells called mitochondria . Think of your mitochondria as the engines inside every cell. Just like a car’s engine turns fuel and oxygen into motion, your mitochondria convert food and air into biochemical energy that powers everything your body does. The Engine Inside You: Here’s how it works: You eat foods that contain hydrocarbons —carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. You breathe in oxygen . Your mitochondria use both to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the body’s main energy currency. ATP powers the contraction of muscles, the firing of neurons, the repair of tissues, and the creation of new bone and protein. Without it, nothing in your body functions properly. That’s why supporting mitochondrial health is one of the most important, yet often overlooked, aspects of longevity and performance. What Your Mitochondria Need Every Day: Mitochondria don’t just run automatically—they require key nutrients and cofactors to function efficiently. Without these, the “engine” can misfire, leading to fatigue, slower metabolism, and cellular damage. Here are the core nutrients your mitochondria rely on daily: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Essential for energy metabolism and redox balance. Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Converts carbohydrates into usable energy. Niacin (Vitamin B3): Helps generate NAD⁺, a molecule vital for mitochondrial energy transfer. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Facilitates electron transport and reduces oxidative stress. Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Transports fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC): Supports glutathione synthesis, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage. When these nutrients are present in the right amounts, your mitochondria can perform like finely tuned engines—efficient, resilient, and long-lasting. Signs of Strong Mitochondrial Function: How do you know if your mitochondria are thriving? You have stable energy levels throughout the day. Your fat metabolism works efficiently (you can go hours between meals without crashing). Inflammation and oxidative stress markers —like CRP or oxidized LDL—are low. You recover well from exercise and stress. When mitochondrial function declines, the opposite occurs: fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, and slower recovery. Everyday Ways to Support Mitochondrial Health: Mitochondria thrive when you support them consistently through lifestyle, not just supplements. Here’s what helps the most: 💤 Prioritize Sleep – Deep sleep is when cells repair mitochondria and clear damaged ones through a process called mitophagy. 🏃 Exercise Regularly – Movement stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis—your body’s way of building new mitochondria. 🥗 Eat a Nutrient-Dense Diet – Focus on whole foods, omega-3 fats, antioxidants, and B-vitamin–rich vegetables. 🌞 Manage Stress – Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which can suppress mitochondrial function. 🚫 Avoid Toxins – Heavy metals, smoking, and excessive alcohol all damage mitochondrial membranes. The healthier your mitochondria, the more resilient and energetic you’ll feel—mentally and physically. The Bigger Picture: Metabolic Health Starts Here Good mitochondrial function is the foundation of metabolic health. It’s not just about energy, it’s about how your body processes fat, regulates blood sugar, and prevents chronic disease. When your mitochondria are working optimally, your entire metabolism runs smoother. The Confidia Approach to Mitochondrial Medicine: At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team specialize in identifying and addressing the root causes of mitochondrial dysfunction through advanced testing and personalized interventions. Using metabolic profiling, nutrient analysis, and precision lifestyle medicine, Confidia helps patients: Restore cellular energy production Reduce oxidative stress Improve metabolic flexibility Optimize long-term vitality If you’re struggling with fatigue, slow recovery, or metabolic issues, it might not be “just aging”—it could be your mitochondria calling for help. 👉 Schedule a consultation with Dr. Kevin Greene at Confidia Health Institute to evaluate your mitochondrial and metabolic health and create a personalized plan to restore your energy from the cellular level up. Confidia Health Institute – Precision Health for Peak Energy and Longevity. References Wallace DC, Fan W. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial disease as modeled in the mouse. Genes Dev. 2009;23(15):1714–1736. doi:10.1101/gad.1787209 Nunnari J, Suomalainen A. Mitochondria: In sickness and in health. Cell. 2012;148(6):1145–1159. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.035 Sgarbi G, et al. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and functional changes in aging and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2020;32(6):456–471. doi:10.1089/ars.2019.7820 Attia, P. (2023). Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity. New York: Harmony Books. Poljsak B, Milisav I. Clinical implications of mitochondrial dysfunction: Beyond aging. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131(8):1201–1228. doi:10.1042/CS20170033

The Five Vital Pillars of Health: Building a Foundation for Lifelong Vitality In the pursuit of longevity, most people focus on single goals—better nutrition, more exercise, or improved sleep. But true health isn’t built on one habit or molecule. It’s the result of five interdependent systems working together at every level of your biology and your life. The foundation of long, vibrant living rests on five vital pillars: Mitochondrial Health – The Powerhouse of Life Peroxisomal Health – The Key to Cellular Regeneration Membrane Integrity – The Foundation of Cognitive Health Muscle and Bone Health – The Hidden Link to Longevity Purpose and Mindset – The Secret Ingredient That Fuels Vitality When these five systems are in sync, the result isn’t just a longer life — it’s a better one. 1. Mitochondria: The Powerhouse of Life Every cell in your body is powered by mitochondria , the microscopic engines that convert food and oxygen into usable energy (ATP). These organelles drive everything—thinking, movement, repair, and growth. When your mitochondria work efficiently, you feel alert, strong, and resilient. When they falter, fatigue, inflammation, and disease begin to take hold. Supporting your mitochondria daily through nutrients like CoQ10, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, and acetyl-L-carnitine , along with consistent exercise and sleep, helps maintain energy production at the cellular level— where life begins. 2. Peroxisomes: The Key to Cellular Regeneration While mitochondria burn fuel for energy, peroxisomes act as the body’s builders—helping to construct the molecules that repair and regenerate tissue. Peroxisomes produce plasmalogens, cholesterol, and hormones , which are critical for brain function, muscle repair, and overall vitality. As we age, peroxisomal activity declines, leading to a loss of regenerative power. Plasmalogen precursor supplementation and lifestyle support can help restore this system, promoting better brain function and longevity. When mitochondria (catabolic) and peroxisomes (anabolic) are both optimized, your body maintains the perfect balance between energy and renewal — the true formula for healthy aging. 3. Membrane Integrity: The Foundation of Cognitive Health Every one of your trillions of cells is defined by its membrane—the lipid layer that controls communication, nutrient flow, and structural stability. Strong, flexible membranes are essential for cognitive function , hormonal balance, and disease prevention. The health of your membranes depends on key lipids like: Phosphatidylcholine , vital for liver and brain health Plasmalogens , protective fats that shield neurons Cholesterol , the structural backbone of cellular membranes DHA and Omega-3 fatty acids , for flexibility and repair When membrane integrity is lost, cognitive decline, fatigue, and metabolic dysfunction follow. Supporting membrane structure through dietary fats, phospholipids, and peroxisomal health keeps your brain young and your cells communicating. 4. Muscle and Bone Health: The Hidden Link to Longevity Muscle isn’t just for strength—it’s the engine of your metabolism and a direct predictor of how long and how well you’ll live. Muscle mass defines your basal metabolic rate , influences blood sugar control, and supports immune and hormonal function. Bone health, in turn, depends on muscle activity —if your muscles aren’t flexing your bones, your bones aren’t growing. To preserve muscle and bone over time, your body needs: Protein and leucine-rich foods to trigger muscle synthesis Creatine, magnesium, and niacin for cellular energy Vitamin D3 + K2 to regulate calcium and bone density Resistance training to stimulate anabolic repair Longevity demands motion. Without physical challenge, both muscle and bone begin to fade—taking vitality with them. 5. Purpose and Mindset: The Secret Ingredient That Fuels Vitality You can nourish your body perfectly and still age rapidly if your mind and purpose aren’t aligned with life. Research from the world’s longest-lived populations shows a consistent truth: those who live the longest share a reason to get up in the morning. Purpose activates the same biological systems that support cellular health—reducing stress, enhancing neuroplasticity, and improving cardiovascular function. If you can think clearly, move freely, and feel good doing it—you’re on the right path to a long, healthy life. Maintaining purpose, social connection, and curiosity are just as critical as any molecule or nutrient. The mind fuels the body, and the body fuels the mind. Bringing the Five Pillars Together: Each pillar supports the others: Mitochondria provides energy for cellular repair. Peroxisomes rebuild and regenerate tissue. Membranes protect and connect every cell. Muscles and bones provide structure and movement. Purpose and mindset give all of it meaning and direction. When you strengthen one pillar, the others rise with it. When one weakens, the foundation begins to crack. Health, therefore, isn’t about isolated systems—it’s about the interconnected biology of vitality. The Confidia Approach: Precision Longevity At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team specialize in integrating these five vital pillars into one unified model of health. Through advanced testing , personalized nutrition , and functional interventions , they help patients: Rebuild cellular energy and resilience Restore metabolic balance and cognitive clarity Strengthen muscle, bone, and hormonal systems Reconnect with purpose, performance, and vitality If you’re ready to move beyond symptom management and into true longevity , it begins with mastering these five pillars. 👉 Schedule your personalized longevity assessment with Dr. Kevin Greene today and start building the foundation for a longer, sharper, stronger life. Confidia Health Institute – Longevity from the Cell Up. References Wallace DC, Fan W. The pathophysiology of mitochondrial disease as modeled in the mouse. Genes Dev. 2009;23(15):1714–1736. Braverman NE, Moser AB. Functions of plasmalogen lipids in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(9):1442–1452. Li Z, Agellon LB, Allen TM, et al. The importance of phosphatidylcholine and choline metabolism as a risk factor for disease. Nutrients. 2014;6(10):4273–4294. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(3):475–482. Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Leading a meaningful life at older ages and its relationship with social engagement, prosperity, health, biology, and time use. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(4):1207–1212. Attia, P. (2023). Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity. New York: Harmony Books.

Rewiring the Brain: How Dihexa Is Changing What We Know About Cognitive Health For decades, scientists believed that once brain cells were lost, they were gone forever. Memory decline, slower thinking, and mental fog were all considered inevitable parts of aging. But a discovery from Washington State University may have just rewritten that story. Researchers studying Alzheimer’s disease stumbled upon a compound that not only protects brain cells—but helps them grow new connections . That compound is Dihexa . The Discovery That Changed Everything: While exploring ways to repair the brain in Alzheimer’s patients, scientists found that Dihexa could do something remarkable: It didn’t just prevent damage —it stimulated new neural growth . In the simplest terms, Dihexa helps brain cells form new pathways , allowing the brain to rewire itself, even in adulthood. Why Dihexa Is So Different: Most “brain boosters” focus on temporarily improving neurotransmitters or blood flow. Dihexa works on a deeper level—it helps your brain rebuild its physical infrastructure . Think of your brain as a city: Most supplements patch potholes on existing roads. Dihexa builds new highways between neighborhoods. It does this by amplifying Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) —a natural protein often called “Miracle-Gro for the brain.” BDNF encourages the growth of new synapses and dendrites, the communication points that connect one neuron to another. What This Means for Cognitive Function: Early research and clinical observations suggest Dihexa may enhance multiple areas of brain performance: 🧠 Memory formation: Recovering memories or details that seemed forgotten ⚡ Processing speed: Thinking faster, with greater clarity 📚 Learning ability: Picking up new skills or information more easily 🎯 Focus and attention: Sustained mental energy and sharper concentration And what’s most exciting—it’s not just being studied for brain injuries or neurodegenerative disease. Healthy adults are exploring its potential for cognitive enhancement and longevity . Why This Matters for Everyone Over 40: If you’ve ever walked into a room and forgotten why—or struggled to find a word that’s right on the tip of your tongue—you’re not alone. That’s not “brain death.” It’s weakened connections between neurons. Dihexa appears to strengthen existing connections and create new ones , effectively helping the brain stay youthful and adaptable. For years, we’ve been told that adults can’t grow new neurons or form new networks. But modern neuroscience—and compounds like Dihexa—are proving that neuroplasticity continues for life . The brain doesn’t need to fade with age—it can evolve. What Practitioners Are Seeing: Clinicians experimenting with Dihexa in controlled, research-informed settings are reporting impressive trends: Post-COVID brain fog clearing after months of stagnation Cognitive decline improving instead of just slowing Depression and anxiety easing as brain connectivity improves Learning challenges in children becoming more manageable While human trials are still limited, the preliminary evidence and clinical feedback suggest that Dihexa’s mechanism—enhancing neuronal connectivity—may play a transformative role in how we treat and prevent cognitive dysfunction. How It Works: Unlike stimulants or mood enhancers that tweak neurotransmitters temporarily, Dihexa works structurally . It helps the brain grow new dendrites and synapses , forming stronger communication networks across regions responsible for memory, focus, and mood regulation. In short: Your brain isn’t broken—it’s just disconnected . And for the first time in medical history, we may have a way to reconnect it. The Bottom Line: Neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to rewire and adapt—doesn’t end in childhood. Dihexa represents a new frontier in how we support brain health across the lifespan. As always, it’s important to approach any new therapy under medical supervision. But the research points to one clear truth: the brain is capable of renewal at any age. Next Steps with Confidia Health Institute: At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team are pioneering a comprehensive, evidence-based approach to cognitive and metabolic health. Using advanced diagnostics, personalized nutrition, and emerging therapies like Dihexa , Confidia helps patients not only slow decline but optimize performance and resilience . If you’re experiencing brain fog, memory changes, or simply want to enhance your cognitive longevity: 👉 Schedule a consultation with Dr. Kevin Greene to explore how Confidia’s precision health model can help you reconnect your mind, body, and performance potential. Confidia Health Institute – Smarter Medicine for a Connected Mind. References Benoist CC, Kawas LH, Zhu M, et al. Dihexa, a novel synaptogenic compound, enhances cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014;351(1):66-73. doi:10.1124/jpet.114.217463 Parent MJ, et al. Neurotrophic factors and neuroplasticity in aging and neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:679711. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.679711 Kawas LH, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and the small molecule Dihexa promote synaptogenesis and improve cognitive function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(41):16618–16623. doi:10.1073/pnas.1209474109 Attia, P. (2023). Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity. New York: Harmony Books. Attia, P. (Host). The Drive [Podcast]. Episodes on brain health and neuroplasticity. https://peterattiamd.com/podcast/

Thymosin Beta-4: The Peptide That Could Change How We Heal Most people have never heard of Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4) Fragment —but they should. This powerful peptide plays a unique role in how the body repairs itself, helping us move beyond simple wound closure to true, high-quality healing. Healing vs. Healing Well: When you get injured, your body has two priorities: Stop the bleeding and close the wound (survival). Rebuild strong, flexible, functional tissue (quality of life). The problem? Most of us only complete the first step. The injury seals, but the tissue is left stiff, scarred, or poorly rebuilt. That’s why so many people deal with nagging pain, restricted movement, or recurring problems long after the initial injury has “healed.” What Makes TB-4 Fragment Different: Think of TB-4 Fragment as a construction foreman for your body . Instead of slapping on a quick patch, it organizes the entire repair project : Directs repair cells to the exact site of injury. Prevents scarring by avoiding thick, stiff collagen buildup. Builds new blood vessels so the tissue has a healthy blood supply. Coordinates the timing of different healing phases, so the rebuild happens in the right order. The result? Not just healing—but healing well . Beyond Cuts and Scrapes: What makes TB-4 Fragment exciting is its potential to help repair any tissue in the body: Heart muscle after a heart attack : Encouraging regeneration instead of stiff scar tissue. Corneal (eye) damage : Helping rebuild clear, transparent tissue rather than cloudy scars. Brain injuries : Researchers are exploring its role in supporting recovery after concussions. This isn’t just about patching wounds—it’s about restoring optimal function. The Power Combo: BPC-157 + TB-4 Fragment Practitioners are finding that TB-4 Fragment works even better when paired with another peptide, BPC-157 : BPC-157 : Initiates the healing process, telling the body, “We need to repair this.” TB-4 Fragment : Optimizes the rebuild, ensuring it happens correctly and efficiently. Together, they don’t just restore old functions, they can sometimes create stronger, more resilient tissue than before the injury. Why This Matters for Patients: Here’s the key takeaway: Healing just means survival. Healing well means restoration, strength, and long-term resilience. As we age, the body becomes less capable of rebuilding high-quality tissue. TB-4 Fragment helps restore that ability—so instead of living with scarred, fragile repairs, patients can return stronger than before. Call to Action: Heal Smarter with Confidia At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team are pioneering advanced healing strategies using tools like peptides to help patients recover better, not just faster. If you’ve struggled with lingering injuries, chronic pain, or slow recovery, TB-4 Fragment and other regenerative therapies may hold the answer. 📞 Contact Confidia Health Institute today to schedule a consultation with Dr. Kevin Greene. 👉 Don’t settle for just healing. Discover how Confidia can help you heal well—so you can get back to living fully.

When Zero Isn’t Zero: What You Need to Know About Coronary Calcium Scores and Women’s Heart Health For years, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring has been one of the best tools we have for preventing heart attacks and strokes. It gives doctors a way to see the buildup of atherosclerosis —plaque in your arteries—long before symptoms appear. Using a simple, non-invasive CT scan , CAC produces a number that directly reflects your risk for future cardiovascular events. The higher your CAC score, the higher your risk. That clarity has changed how we approach prevention. But there’s one big catch: CAC can only measure what it can see—calcium. And for many people, especially women, that means part of the story is being left out. CAC Scores 101: Long before calcium shows up on a scan, plaque has already started to build inside artery walls. Here’s how it happens: Lipid particles (apoB-containing) sneak into the vessel wall and become oxidized. The immune system reacts, sending in white blood cells to “clean up” the mess. These cells turn into foam cells , forming soft, fatty streaks. Over time, inflammation and scarring lead to fibrous and, eventually, calcified plaques. When enough calcium accumulates, CAC scoring can finally detect it. The CT scan identifies each calcified area, scoring them by size and density to create an overall Agatston score (named for the cardiologist who developed it). Scores fall into general categories: 0: No visible calcium (low short-term risk) 1–99: Mild plaque buildup 100–399: Moderate plaque burden 400+: Extensive atherosclerosis, high risk In general, the higher the number, the greater the need for aggressive prevention—such as with statins or other lipid-lowering treatments. The Blind Spot: What CAC Can’t See: Here’s the paradox: it’s not the calcified plaque that’s most dangerous. It’s the soft, non-calcified plaque that’s more likely to rupture and cause a heart attack or stroke. Calcification actually represents the body’s healing response —an attempt to stabilize the lesion. Statins, for example, help by promoting plaque calcification, making vulnerable plaques safer. So, while CAC is excellent at showing the total burden of stable plaque , it misses the soft, high-risk lesions that can do the most damage. That means CAC gives us only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to cardiovascular risk. And this limitation matters even more for women. Why CAC Can Underestimate Risk in Women: In the years before and around menopause, women tend to have more soft, non-calcified plaque and less calcified plaque. On average, women start developing visible calcium deposits about 10 years later than men . Studies back this up: In the MESA study , 62% of women had a CAC score of 0, compared with 40% of men. Imaging research shows that women are more likely to experience plaque erosion , while men more often have plaque rupture—both dangerous, but only one (rupture) is detected by CAC. High-risk plaque features predict events far more strongly in women (odds ratio 34.5 vs. 4.1 in men). That means a woman in her 40s or 50s might have significant non-calcified plaque—and still score a zero on her CAC scan. What This Looks Like in Real Life: Imagine a 52-year-old man with a CAC score of 72 and his 50-year-old wife with soft, non-calcified plaques. Based on CAC alone, the man’s score would trigger aggressive treatment. The woman’s score of zero might be falsely reassuring—even though her actual risk may be higher. By the time her calcium “catches up” a decade later, valuable prevention time has been lost. What to Do About It: CAC remains a powerful tool for risk assessment— but it’s not the whole story , especially for women. Here’s what that means clinically: A high CAC score is concerning in both sexes and should prompt treatment. A score of zero can only be reassuring if all other risk factors—apoB, blood pressure, glucose, lifestyle—are healthy. If other major risk factors are present, they should still be treated aggressively, regardless of what the CAC says. For women, particularly those with symptoms or multiple risk factors but a zero CAC score, additional imaging can provide answers . Beyond CAC: Seeing the Whole Picture with Cleerly When risk remains uncertain, Coronary CT Angiography (CCTA) and advanced imaging technologies like the Cleerly test can reveal the non-calcified plaque that CAC misses. The Cleerly test uses cutting-edge AI to analyze every millimeter of coronary arteries , mapping not only calcium but also soft, fibrous, and mixed plaques. It paints a complete picture of cardiovascular risk—one that’s especially important for women. Coming Up Next: “Beyond Calcium: How the Cleerly Test Sees What CAC Can’t.” In our next blog, we’ll explore how Cleerly’s AI-driven imaging technology gives clinicians and patients a full view of heart disease risk—years before a heart attack ever happens. References Shaw LJ, Min JK, Nasir K, et al. Sex differences in calcified plaque and long-term cardiovascular mortality: observations from the CAC Consortium. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(41):3727-3735. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy534 McClelland RL, Chung H, Detrano R, Post W, Kronmal RA. Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2006;113(1):30-37. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.580696 Bigeh A, Shekar C, Gulati M. Sex differences in coronary artery calcium and long-term CV mortality. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;22(4):21. doi:10.1007/s11886-020-1267-9 Plank F, Beyer C, Friedrich G, Wildauer M, Feuchtner G. Sex differences in coronary artery plaque composition detected by coronary computed tomography: quantitative and qualitative analysis. Neth Heart J. 2019;27(5):272-280. doi:10.1007/s12471-019-1234-5 Attia, P. (2023). Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity. New York: Harmony Books. Attia, P. (Host). The Drive [Podcast]. Episode: “Heart Disease: Understanding Risk and Early Detection.” Accessed 2024. https://peterattiamd.com/podcast/

Meet KPV: The Anti-Inflammatory That Actually Makes Sense If you’ve ever dealt with chronic inflammation, you know the struggle: swelling, pain, and fatigue that seem to have no clear cause — and treatments that either don’t work or cause new problems. Enter KPV — a simple yet powerful peptide that’s changing the way clinicians think about inflammation. What Exactly Is KPV? KPV is just three amino acids — lysine, proline, and valine. That’s it. But here’s what’s remarkable: those three amino acids can switch off inflammation at its source — without shutting down your immune system’s natural ability to fight infections. The Problem with Traditional Anti-Inflammatories: Most conventional anti-inflammatory drugs work by blocking enzymes or receptors that the body uses for many essential functions — not just inflammation. COX enzymes create inflammatory compounds, yes — but they also protect your stomach lining. Immune cells drive autoimmune conditions, but they’re also your first line of defense against cancer and infection. So, when you suppress inflammation broadly, you risk damaging the systems your body depends on. It’s like turning off your car’s engine just because the radio is too loud. How KPV Works Differently: KPV works through something called melanocortin receptors — the “calm down” switches built into your inflammatory cells. Instead of killing these cells or blocking their enzymes, KPV simply tells them to relax and rebalance . Think of it as having a skilled mediator step into an argument — everyone walks away calmer, but still capable of doing their job. Your immune system stays intact. Your inflammatory cells still function. They’re just not in overdrive anymore. What This Means in the Clinic: Practitioners are using KPV for a wide range of conditions, especially where inflammation has become the root problem: Inflammatory bowel diseases where steroids aren’t working or can’t be used long-term Skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema — without the thinning or rebound from topical steroids Autoimmune flares where you need control without full immune suppression Post-surgical recovery , when excessive inflammation slows healing The Gut–Skin–Brain Connection: One of the most interesting things about KPV is how well it works for patients whose inflammation spans multiple systems — gut, skin, brain, and beyond. Think about the person with IBS, eczema, and anxiety — three conditions that seem unrelated but may all stem from an underlying inflammatory state. KPV doesn’t chase each symptom separately. It targets the shared inflammatory trigger , helping restore balance throughout the body. Why Your “Everything Hurts” Patients Might Need KPV: We all know patients whose charts read like a medical encyclopedia: fibromyalgia, IBS, migraines, depression, chronic fatigue. What if these aren’t five separate problems — but one inflammatory process showing up in five different ways? KPV may be the first therapy that can address this systemic inflammation safely and effectively, without creating new complications. The Real Breakthrough: The real power of KPV isn’t in replacing other anti-inflammatories — it’s in making other treatments finally work . Once the inflammatory “noise” quiets down, everything else gets better: Probiotics actually take hold. Physical therapy produces results. Even medications can work at lower, safer doses. KPV helps create the biological calm your body needs to heal. Ready to Learn More? At Confidia Health Institute , Dr. Kevin Greene and his team are leading the way in personalized medicine — combining evidence-based therapies like KPV with advanced functional and regenerative care. 👉 Schedule a consultation with Dr. Greene and the Confidia team to explore whether KPV could be part of your personalized anti-inflammatory strategy. Confidia Health Institute — Restoring balance, naturally.

BPC-157: The Peptide Powerhouse for Healing and Recovery When it comes to healing, most people think of rest, physical therapy, or maybe surgery. But what if there was a way to tap into your body’s own natural repair system —and supercharge it? That’s where BPC-157, a groundbreaking peptide, comes in. What Is BPC-157? BPC-157 stands for Body Protection Compound-157, a peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein in the stomach. Originally discovered for its role in protecting the gut lining, researchers soon realized it had far-reaching effects on healing throughout the entire body. Unlike many treatments that simply reduce pain or inflammation, BPC-157 actually helps the body repair itself at the cellular level. What Does BPC-157 Do? BPC-157 has been shown to: Accelerate wound healing – speeds up repair of muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones. Protect the gut – supports the lining of the stomach and intestines, helping with ulcers and gut inflammation. Reduce inflammation – calms the immune system so tissues can heal properly. Boost blood vessel growth – ensures new tissue gets a strong blood supply. Protect the brain and nerves – early research suggests it may help with nerve repair and recovery after injury. The beauty of BPC-157 is that it doesn’t just mask symptoms. Instead, it tells the body, “It’s time to heal.” The Perfect Pair: BPC-157 + Thymosin Beta-4 On its own, BPC-157 is powerful. But when combined with Thymosin Beta-4 (TB-4) Fragment, the results can be extraordinary. Think of it this way: BPC-157 is the signal—it initiates healing, calling the body’s repair crews into action. Thymosin Beta-4 is the organizer—it coordinates the rebuild, making sure tissues heal properly, blood vessels are formed, and scar tissue doesn’t get in the way. Together, they don’t just restore damaged tissue—they can often make it stronger and more functional than before the injury. Why This Matters for Patients Whether it’s a sports injury, a chronic tendon problem, gut inflammation, or even recovery after major health events, BPC-157 (especially when paired with TB-4) offers new hope for true recovery. This is the difference between: Healing: patching the problem just enough to get by. Healing well: restoring strength, flexibility, and long-term function. Call to Action: Heal Better with Confidia At Confidia Health Institute, Dr. Kevin Greene and his team specialize in regenerative medicine—using cutting-edge therapies like BPC-157 and Thymosin Beta-4 to help patients recover more fully and live with less pain. If you’re struggling with slow-healing injuries, chronic pain, or gut issues, there may be a better way forward. 📞 Contact Confidia Health Institute today to schedule a consultation with Dr. Kevin Greene. 👉 Discover how BPC-157 and TB-4 can help you heal not just faster, but better.